Diabetes with dyslipidemia refers primarily to a state in which hyperglycemia occurs alongside elevated plasma triglycerides (TG) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), or insulin resistance. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), diabetes with dyslipidemia falls within the categories of “phlegm pattern” and “blood stasis pattern,” among others. TCM Pattern…
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction caused by diabetes is known as diabetic erectile dysfunction (DED). DED is a common complication in people with diabetes. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it falls within the categories of “impotence,” “flaccidity of the yin,” “sinew…
Diabetic foot (DF) refers to foot infection, ulceration, and/or deep tissue destruction in people with diabetes, associated with local neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease of the lower limbs. It results from diabetic neuropathy and vascular disease in the lower limbs. The condition can affect tissues from the skin to the bones and joints; in severe…
Diabetic gastroenteropathy is a common chronic digestive complication of diabetes caused by dysfunction of the visceral autonomic nervous system. It can affect any part of the digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum, and includes esophageal syndromes, diabetic gastroparesis, diarrhea or fecal incontinence associated with diabetes, and diabetic constipation. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM),…
Diabetic gastroenteropathy is a common chronic digestive complication of diabetes. It is associated with autonomic dysfunction affecting the viscera and can involve any part of the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. Conditions include esophageal syndromes, diabetic gastroparesis, diarrhea or fecal incontinence associated with diabetes, and diabetic constipation. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM),…
Diabetic gastrointestinal disease is a common chronic digestive complication of diabetes. It results from diabetes-related dysfunction of the visceral autonomic nervous system and can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. Conditions include esophageal syndromes, diabetic gastroparesis, diabetes-associated diarrhea or fecal incontinence, and diabetic constipation. In TCM, diabetic gastrointestinal…
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) refers to symptoms and/or signs associated with peripheral nerve dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), after other causes have been excluded. Diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy (DSPN), for example, is a representative form of diabetic neuropathy. Asymptomatic diabetic neuropathy can be diagnosed only through screening for signs or neurophysiological testing. Diabetic…
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) refers to kidney damage caused by diabetes. It is characterized primarily by declining kidney function and retinopathy, and is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), diabetic kidney disease falls within the categories of “edema,” “turbid urine,” and “blockage and closure.” TCM Pattern Differentiation…
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which may be accompanied by dyslipidemia and other features. It results from an absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion (an insulin secretory defect) and/or reduced sensitivity of target tissues or organs to insulin (an insulin action defect). In traditional Chinese medicine…
Prediabetes refers to a progression from normal blood glucose regulation to impaired glucose regulation (IGR), in which blood glucose levels are elevated but do not yet meet the diagnostic criteria for diabetes. It includes impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), which may occur separately or together. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), prediabetes…
Diabetes complicated by heart disease refers to lesions of the cardiovascular system that occur as complications of or in association with diabetes. These may affect the large, medium-sized, small, and microvascular vessels of the heart. They include nonspecific coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary heart disease), cardiomyopathy associated with microvascular disease, and arrhythmias and cardiac dysfunction…
