Constipation is characterized by a reduced frequency of bowel movements, hard stools, and/or difficulty passing stool. A reduced frequency means fewer than 3 bowel movements per week. Difficulty passing stool includes straining, difficulty passing stool, a feeling of incomplete evacuation, prolonged time spent defecating, and the need for manual assistance. Chronic constipation lasts for at…
Acute cholecystitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the gallbladder that may result from cystic duct obstruction, chemical irritation, bacterial infection, and other causes. Clinical manifestations may include fever, right upper abdominal pain, or distending pain in the right hypochondrium radiating to the shoulder and back, accompanied by nausea and vomiting; mild jaundice, a positive…
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by irreversible changes in pancreatic tissue and function caused by various factors. Its pathological features include atrophy and destruction of pancreatic acinar cells and interstitial fibrosis. Clinically, it is mainly characterized by recurrent upper abdominal pain and/or exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. It may also involve…
