Acute optic neuritis refers broadly to inflammatory conditions affecting the optic nerve. These include infectious and immune-mediated diseases of the optic nerve, as well as demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system; it may therefore also be called inflammatory optic neuropathy. In TCM, this condition falls within the category of “sudden blindness due to disorders…
Primary retinitis pigmentosa (PRP) is characterized by night blindness, constricted visual fields, and reduced visual acuity. Genetically, it is classified into four types: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and sporadic (with no family history). In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this condition falls under the category of “high-wind sparrow blindness,” also known as “high-wind internal…
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a condition characterized by macular edema and exudation, reduced vision, grayish-yellow shadows obstructing vision, or visual distortion. The condition may resolve on its own but is prone to recurrence. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it falls within categories such as “colored vision,” “straight lines appearing curved,” and “dim or blurred…
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic, progressive eye disease that causes visual impairment and is characterized by damage to the retinal microvasculature due to long-term hyperglycemia and other diabetes mellitus (DM)-related abnormalities, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to macular edema and, in severe cases, preretinal and vitreous hemorrhage or even retinal…
Retinal periphlebitis (Eales disease) occurs primarily in young people. It is characterized by recurrent vision loss, retinal hemorrhage, and changes in the retinal veins; it is also known as recurrent vitreous hemorrhage in young adults. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this condition falls within the categories of “clouds and mist moving before the eyes” (Yunwu…
