Kidney & Bladder Conditions

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a clinical syndrome in which the renal parenchyma is severely damaged against a background of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of various causes, leading to a gradual, progressive decline in kidney function and eventual failure. Clinically, it is characterized mainly by a decreased glomerular filtration rate, retention of metabolic waste, and…

Chronic urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infectious disease of the urinary tract caused by various pathogens. It generally refers to cases in which acute symptoms have subsided but the condition has persisted for more than six months. Based on the site of infection, it may be classified as an upper UTI (pyelonephritis) or a…

Chronic pyelonephritis (CPN), also known as chronic upper urinary tract infection, may present with symptoms such as abnormal urination, flank pain, low-grade fever, and pyuria. It is primarily associated with recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis over a period of more than six months. Supporting investigations may show repeatedly positive clean-catch midstream urine cultures or microscopy;…

Hypertensive nephropathy is a disease caused by primary hypertension that involves benign arteriolar nephrosclerosis (also known as hypertensive nephrosclerosis) or malignant arteriolar nephrosclerosis, accompanied by corresponding clinical manifestations.In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), hypertensive nephropathy is generally classified under “dizziness,” “low back pain,” “consumptive disease,” and “edema.” TCM Pattern Identification and Medication Reference References

According to the 1982 WHO clinical symptom classification, a group of disorders with acute onset and characterized primarily by hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, a reduced glomerular filtration rate, and sodium and water retention is termed acute nephritic syndrome (ANS). Acute glomerulonephritis refers to a group of primary glomerulonephritides whose main clinical presentation is nephritic syndrome. Immune-mediated…

IgA nephropathy (immunoglobulin A nephropathy, IgAN) is a group of glomerulonephritides characterized by IgA deposits in the glomerular mesangium. It was first described in 1968 by French pathologists Berger and Hinglais, and is therefore also known as Berger’s disease. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), there is no specific disease name for IgA nephropathy. Based on…

IgA nephropathy (immunoglobulin A nephropathy, IgAN) is a group of glomerulonephritides characterized by IgA deposition in the glomerular mesangium. It was first described in 1968 by French pathologists Berger and Hinglais and is therefore also known as Berger disease. There is no exact equivalent disease name for IgA nephropathy in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Based…

IgA nephropathy (immunoglobulin A nephropathy, IgAN) is a group of glomerulonephritides characterized by IgA deposits in the glomerular mesangium. It was first described in 1968 by French pathologists Berger and Hinglais and is therefore also known as Berger’s disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has no specific disease name for IgA nephropathy. Based on its clinical…

IgA nephropathy (immunoglobulin A nephropathy, IgAN) is a group of glomerulonephritides characterized by IgA deposition in the mesangial area of the glomeruli. It was first described in 1968 by French pathologists Berger and Hinglais and is therefore also known as Berger’s disease. There is no exact TCM disease name for IgA nephropathy. Based on its…

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory connective tissue disease that can affect systems, organs, and tissues throughout the body.Some sources indicate that approximately 80% of patients may develop signs of kidney involvement. Kidney biopsies have confirmed that almost all patients have some degree of kidney pathology, known as lupus nephritis (LN). Lupus nephritis…

Hypertensive nephropathy is a disease caused by primary hypertension, characterized by benign arteriolar nephrosclerosis (also known as hypertensive renal arteriolosclerosis) or malignant arteriolar nephrosclerosis, together with corresponding clinical manifestations.In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), hypertensive nephropathy is generally classified under categories such as “dizziness,” “low back pain,” “consumptive illness,” and “edema.” TCM Pattern Differentiation and Medication…