Diabetes with dyslipidemia refers primarily to a state in which hyperglycemia occurs alongside elevated plasma triglycerides (TG) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), or insulin resistance. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), diabetes with dyslipidemia falls within the categories of “phlegm pattern” and “blood stasis pattern,” among others. TCM Pattern…
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic, progressive eye disease that causes visual impairment and is characterized by damage to the retinal microvasculature due to long-term hyperglycemia and other diabetes mellitus (DM)-related abnormalities, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to macular edema and, in severe cases, preretinal and vitreous hemorrhage or even retinal…
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction caused by diabetes is known as diabetic erectile dysfunction (DED). DED is a common complication in people with diabetes. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it falls within the categories of “impotence,” “flaccidity of the yin,” “sinew…
Retinal periphlebitis (Eales disease) occurs primarily in young people. It is characterized by recurrent vision loss, retinal hemorrhage, and changes in the retinal veins; it is also known as recurrent vitreous hemorrhage in young adults. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this condition falls within the categories of “clouds and mist moving before the eyes” (Yunwu…
Diabetic foot (DF) refers to foot infection, ulceration, and/or deep tissue destruction in people with diabetes, associated with local neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease of the lower limbs. It results from diabetic neuropathy and vascular disease in the lower limbs. The condition can affect tissues from the skin to the bones and joints; in severe…
Diabetic gastroenteropathy is a common chronic digestive complication of diabetes caused by dysfunction of the visceral autonomic nervous system. It can affect any part of the digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum, and includes esophageal syndromes, diabetic gastroparesis, diarrhea or fecal incontinence associated with diabetes, and diabetic constipation. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM),…
Diabetic gastroenteropathy is a common chronic digestive complication of diabetes. It is associated with autonomic dysfunction affecting the viscera and can involve any part of the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. Conditions include esophageal syndromes, diabetic gastroparesis, diarrhea or fecal incontinence associated with diabetes, and diabetic constipation. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM),…
Hemorrhoids include internal, external, and mixed hemorrhoids. Internal hemorrhoids are soft masses formed by displacement and pathological enlargement of the anal cushions due to dilation of the venous plexus and laxity or disruption of the fibrous supporting structures. External hemorrhoids are raised soft masses caused by dilation of the subcutaneous blood vessels around the anus…
Diabetes complicated by heart disease refers to lesions of the cardiovascular system that occur as complications of or in association with diabetes. These may affect the large, medium-sized, small, and microvascular vessels of the heart. They include nonspecific coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary heart disease), cardiomyopathy associated with microvascular disease, and arrhythmias and cardiac dysfunction…
Anal fissures are ischemic ulcers that form when the skin of the anal canal below the dentate line splits longitudinally through its full thickness. They are most common in young and middle-aged adults. The mechanism of this condition is unclear; it is thought to be associated mainly with internal sphincter spasm and infection following injury….
A rectovaginal fistula is an abnormal connection between the rectum and vagina through which intestinal secretions or stool may pass from the vagina. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this condition falls under the category of “穿阴瘘” (chuān yīn lòu, a fistula involving the vagina). TCM Pattern Identification and Medication Reference References
Internal rectal prolapse (IRP), also known as internal rectal prolapse or internal procidentia, accounts for a proportion of cases clinically classified as grade I rectal prolapse, alongside rectal mucosal prolapse. Mucosal prolapse most commonly occurs in the middle and upper parts of the anterior rectal wall. It is a type of defecatory disorder and is…
